Exit Planning Archives - Your ExitMap

Cash Flow Normalization

February 20, 2025 by John F. Dini

Cash flow normalization is done with the intention of identifying Earnings Before Interest Taxes Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) or Seller’s Discretionary Earnings (SDE). These differing measures are not interchangeable, but are used by different classes of buyers for different categories of acquisition.

Free cash flow is an important measure when calculating the value and price for any business. It is the amount theoretically available for servicing acquisition debt, working capital, return on investment for any cash outlay in the acquisition, and future expansion.

Cash Flow Measures

EBITDA establishes free cash flow as a measurement for most mid-market businesses. It evens out the differences in earnings caused by various tax jurisdictions. In the United States, there is federal income tax at the corporate level, but many states have additional income taxes, and in some cases, even smaller jurisdictions like cities may have their own income tax. These obviously impact the profitability of a company and could distort a buyer’s impression of its profitability.

EBITDA calculations do not include the owner’s earnings, since the companies being examined are more likely to be acquired by investors who would replace the owner with a management executive.

SDE is the measurement used to illustrate the sum total of financial benefits available to the owner-operator of a business. It assumes that the owner is running the company on a day-to-day basis. SDE encompasses not only salary, bonuses, and distributions, but includes insurance and other benefits such as a company-paid vehicle.

A simple way to put it is that EBITDA is the cash flow available for a return on investment. SDE is the cash flow available for a return on the owner’s labor.

Making Adjustments

In the SDE calculations, there are two places where there is often an adjustment of expenses to market. The first is for a family member employed in the business or partners who intend to leave simultaneously with the principal owner.

In many instances, family members are paid according to their needs or the needs of the business instead of at a market rate for the position. With family members who are “underpaid” adjusting to the market rate will have the effect of reducing the cash flow available in the business. This reflects the fact that the family member or partner will have to be replaced by someone who is unlikely to work for a below-market salary.

The opposite is of course true for family members or partners who are overpaid. Reducing their compensation to a fair market rate will add to the discretionary cash flow of the business.

A second area of adjustment is when the owner of the company also owns the real estate that the company operates in. Again, the rents paid on the real estate often reflect the owner’s objectives more than they do the practical reality of the local real estate market.
A company that is underpaying rent is having its bottom line shored up by the reduced income to the real estate entity.

Overpayment of rent requires the owner to make a decision. If they expect the same rent from a new tenant, the profitability of the business as presented to a prospective buyer will be lower. Considering that most transactions involve a multiple of cash flows, you can usually point out to the owner that trying to maintain a higher rent is not in their interest as the seller of the company. Adjusting the rent to a market rate increases the cash flow of the company and presumably the basis for an evaluation multiple.

Which Cash Flow is “Right?

The decision of whether to use EBITDA or SDE when calculating cash flow is dependent largely on the size of the client’s business. If the company has cash flow in excess of $1 million annually or is large enough to be a likely target for professional buyers, EBITDA is the appropriate measurement for cash flow.

If the company is going to be purchased by family members, employees, or another entrepreneur and has a cash flow of less than $700,000, SDE is almost always a more appropriate measurement.

Which cash flow is used is a situational decision and may change if different classes of buyers are being engaged.

John F. Dini develops transition and succession strategies that allow business owners to exit their companies on their own schedule, with the proceeds they seek and complete control over the process. He takes a coaching approach to client engagements, focusing on helping owners of companies with $1M to $250M in revenue achieve both their desired lifestyles and legacies.

What is an Exit Plan?

January 27, 2025 by John F. Dini

“What is an Exit Plan” is an article I wrote ten years ago. It was just brought to my attention and I realized I never posted it to Awake for some reason. Here, with some updating, we celebrate its 10th anniversary.

Exit planning is the buzzword for those who consult to Baby Boomer business owners. Business brokers, wealth managers and other professionals are adding “exit planning” to their marketing messages. It’s a logical reaction when over 5,000,000 Baby Boomers (about 3,000,000 in 2024) are preparing to leave their businesses.

Not surprisingly, when a business broker creates an “exit plan,” it usually involves listing the business for sale to a third party. An attorney’s planning focuses on the legal documents that allow the transition of the assets of a company to new ownership. An accountant or financial planner will look closely at tax and inheritance issues, and an insurance broker offers products that reduce the risk of interruption or disaster.

All these are important to the successful implementation of a plan, but each professional focuses on his or her specific skill set. If your shoulder hurts, you could go to an orthopedic surgeon, a neurologist, a general internist, a chiropractor, or a physical therapist. Each will have a treatment approach for a painful shoulder. Each will be different, based on his or her specialty. Each will reduce the pain at least somewhat, although some of them may or may not address the underlying cause.

Similarly, there are many professionals who claim competence in exit planning. Each has a different area of expertise, and what they term exit planning tends to focus on those areas. A comprehensive exit strategy encompasses legal, tax, and risk management issues, but it also examines the operational issues of the company whose value is the underlying driver for everything else.

Why do an Exit Plan?

Before drafting the first document or embarking on a plan to spend the money from a sale, the business must first realize the proceeds of a transaction. That means it must find a buyer who will pay for it. That buyer could be a third party, but it might also be an employee, an employee group, or family members.

Any third party considering the purchase of a business will do extensive due diligence. Their willingness to pay a premium for a company will depend on its track record of revenue growth, the stability of its margins, and how well-established its systems and customers are. If the company is larger than about twenty employees, they will look for supervisory and management talent who will stay after the sale.

Regardless of size, a business that is highly dependent on the owner for revenue or making all key decisions will be deeply discounted or even impossible to sell. An exit plan should look at these factors and help to make the adjustments needed to realize full value.

Selling to employees or family is often an attractive option because it allows the owner to choose a retirement date, and price is less of an issue than financing terms. Unless you are willing to accept a promissory note for most of the price and feel secure that your successors can maintain payments over a long period, a plan for this kind of exit should begin at least three, and preferably five to eight years before the planned transfer date.

What is an Exit Planner?

An exit plan needs legal, tax, risk and wealth management expertise to be successful, but it also requires a practical examination of the operational strengths of your business. Selecting one professional to manage the efforts of everyone, and to help keep you on track, is a wise investment.

In America, the average small business owner has nearly 75% of his or her net worth in the company (still true in 2024). The single biggest financial transaction of your life deserves special attention.

Purpose – Life After the Sale Part 3

January 3, 2025 by John F. Dini

The third component of life after the sale is Purpose – “Having as one’s intention or objective.”

Many exit planning advisors discuss the three legs of the exit planning stool – business readiness, financial readiness, and personal readiness. In our previous two articles, we focused on two of the “big three” components of a successful life after the sale, activity and identity. The third is purpose.

So many advisors point to the 75% of former owners who “profoundly regret” their transition, and say it’s because they didn’t make enough money. To quote Mr. Bernstein in the great film Citizen Kane, “Well, it’s no trick to make a lot of money…if all you want is to make a lot of money.”

I’ve interviewed hundreds of business founders. When asked why they started their companies, by far the most common answers are about providing for their families and having control of their future. Only a very small percentage say “I wanted to make a lot of money.”

Decades of Purpose

So what kept them working long hours and pushing the envelope after they had reached primary, secondary, and even tertiary financial goals? Sure, non-owners may chalk it up to greed, but Maslov’s hierarchy of needs drifts away from material rewards after the first two levels. Belonging, Self-Esteem and Self-Actualization may all have a financial component, but money isn’t the driver.

For most owners, the driving motivation is this thing they’ve built. The company has a life of its own, but it’s a life they bestowed. They talk about the business’s growing pains and maturity. Owners are acutely aware of the multiplier effect the success of the company has on employees and their families. In a few cases, that multiplier extends to entire towns.

That’s the purpose. To nurture and expand. In so many cases every process in the business was the founder’s creation. He or she picked out the furniture and designed the first logo. This aggregation of people breathes and succeeds on what the owner built.

That’s why so many owners still put in 50 or more hours a week, long after there is any real need for their presence. This thing they created is their purpose.

Life After the Sale

Unsurprisingly, so many owners find that 36 holes of golf each week, or 54, or 72, still isn’t enough to feel fulfilled. You can get incrementally better, but it doesn’t really affect anyone but you. Building a beautiful table or catching a trophy fish brings pride and some sense of accomplishment. Still, it never matches the feeling of creating something that impacts dozens, scores, or hundreds of other human beings.

That’s why we focus on purpose as the third leg of the personal vision. In the vast majority of cases, it involves impacting other people. Any owner spent a career learning how to teach and lead. Keeping those skills fresh and growing is a substantial part of the road to satisfaction.

Purpose in your life after the sale may involve church or a community service organization. It could be serving on a Board of Directors or consulting for other business owners. It might be writing or speaking. Purpose doesn’t require a 50-hour week, but it does require some level of commitment, and the ability to affect the lives of others.

5 Keys to Finish Your Year with a BANG and not a Whimper….

December 19, 2024 by Jay McDowell

This time of year, your kids are back in school, you still have hot weather, the holidays are ahead, several family holidays to celebrate. All these interruptions seem to break the concentration of your Team and seem to break their rhythm for the fourth quarter. Don’t fall into that fourth quarter trap of coasting to the finish line. Step up, review your business, get your team together and get them all energized and motivated to finish the year strong.

Five Ways to Drive Your Business to the Finish Line!!

1. Stay the Course.

Stay focused on the fourth quarter; don’t let your Team slide to the end of the year.

If you have the year “in the bag”, set “stretch” goals and find a tasty reward for exceeding the full year goal. Something around the holidays. A bonus or extra time off for everyone. Maybe a Super Holiday Celebration.

If you appear to be coming up short, refocus your team, adjust the targets a bit, make it tough but achievable and make it something they can achieve and feel great about. Celebrate, just not as big. No one likes to end the year with a “glad that year is behind us” feeling.

2. Put a Bow On It!!

The fourth Quarter that is.

Look over all your projects and make sure you drive them home and don’t let them “rollover” to next year. Whether these are capital projects, database cleanups, for accounts receivable assign accountability for a year end push and meet regularly to review progress. Celebrate the successes with your Team. Don’t forget the human resource files, performance reviews, employee annual trainings and succession planning. Get all your lose ends taken care of and come time for the holidays the only thing you will be putting a bow on will be presents under the tree.

3. Let the Big Dog Eat!

Is your sales team driving your bus, or just along for the ride?

What are your KPI’s (Key Productivity Indicators) for your sales year-to-date? Are you tracking and holding your sales function accountable for Revenue, Margin, and New Business? Do they know where they stand on a weekly, monthly, quarterly and YTD basis?

Where do you stand on any new business proposals that are out and yet to confirm the awarding of the business? Is someone following up? Are your Marketing efforts tied to your Sales Team? Are all leads/referrals fed directly to sales and verified that they are followed up on? Leads are expensive and in the small business world, 73% of all leads are never followed up on. Where do you fall? Do you know for sure, or just “believe” you know?

4. Where do you stand with Marketing?

Do a year-to-date review on the effectiveness and status of the Marketing budget?

Every dollar you spend is VERY valuable and is an investment, not an expense. You should know the result of your marketing budget before you spend it … not spend it and see what sticks. “Trial and Error” is not how Marketing is supposed to be executed. If you don’t know the result, don’t spend the dollars. Test and Measure each strategy prior to giving the green light for the full expenditure.

List all the ways you are spending your valuable marketing dollars. Business cards, newsletters, flyers, yellow pages, website, social media, networking, conferences, trash and trinkets, etc. Then determine the number of leads, appointments, and Clients each of your strategies garnered over the year. What is the cost per lead, cost per appointment and cost per Client for each marketing strategy? Your Marketing Return on Investment. (I have an Excel spreadsheet for this. Let me
know if you would like a free copy)

5. Finish Strong and Run Through the Tape.

There are 12 months and 52 weeks in the year … don’t let your Team, or you as their Leader, languish over the finish. Finishing strong is a trait every organization should strive for. It puts the stamp of a strong work ethic and that every employee needs to “earn their keep” every week. No
free lunch.

Let your competition be the ones that work half days and call casual days as the year “winds down”. A lackadaisical attitude with your expectations will result in a “soft” fourth quarter. A slow finish is invariably followed by an equally slow start to the New Year. Drive to the finish and break the tape on 2024 with a burst of energy and a lean to the line and into 2025!

Jay McDowell started his Coaching business nearly 18 years ago, after a highly successful career as an EVP of Logistics and Supply Chain for the nation’s leading home healthcare provider. He is passionate about coaching business Owners and business Leaders. He is one of the top coaches in Southern California and delivers proven results.

Private Equity Reputation

December 2, 2024 by John F. Dini

We began this series by saying that Private Equity reputation is as the Great Satan to some, and a savior to others, depending on the personal experience of the speakers. In fact, both reputations are well deserved, but neither can be universally applied.

The “Great Satan” Private Equity Reputation

PEGs buy companies for the express purpose of improving their performance. That often comes with considerable pain for employees. A Searchfunder I know said recently “I’m looking at this acquisition because the owner thinks he is running an efficient company, where I see at least ten points that could be dropping to the bottom line.”

Efficiency is good, but too often it flies in the face of what made a company successful. In one example I recall, the PEG principals spoke to the assembled employees the day after closing on the business. They said “We bought this company for its culture and its people. Those are the most important assets to us.”

The cuts started coming the following Monday. Thanksgiving turkeys were “outdated.” Gone. All bonuses would be performance-based, so extra bonuses at Christmas would be discontinued. Season seats for the local sports franchise – gone. (Most of those went to customers.) Weekend overtime – gone. Schedules would be rearranged so that weekend workers were now scheduled for Saturdays and Sundays and got fewer hours during the week to make up for it.

Employee discounts on the company’s products – gone. Partial subsidies for family health insurance, well by now you are getting the gist. The flood of cuts was shocking and seemed unending. The flood of resignations started soon after.

By the way, the PEG missed its planned flip date (when they were supposed to sell to a bigger PEG) because of poor results and eventually took the company into Chapter 11.
I wish I could say that this type of result was unique, but it happens in far too many cases.

The “Savior” Private Equity Reputation

There is another reality. About 50% of all the privately held employers in the United States are Baby Boomers. The youngest of these are now turning 60. Many have built substantial enterprises whose value is far beyond what a younger entrepreneur can afford.

Private Equity has morphed into a many-headed creature, capable of acquiring almost any size business with value. It will never be for the mom-and-pop businesses that merely earn a living for the owner. As Doug Tatum says in No Man’s Land, they have grown to a level where they provide “wealth” to the owner equivalent to three salaries. Unfortunately, the owner must hold down three jobs for it to work.

But businesses with real cash flow, from a few hundred thousand dollars to a few hundred million, can find a tranche of PEGs who will consider their acquisition. Some specialize in minority ownership, or in funding the transition to a new generation of owners. Like it or not, these will be the saving of an entire generation who became successful by building a illiquid asset.

The latest estimate (from the Exit Planning Institute) is that these owners have $14 trillion dollars locked up in these illiquid assets – their companies. It that was an economy, it would be third in the world behind only the USA and China.

Reputation Counts

Many business owners are dazzled by the money a PEG has. With 17,000 of them out there, “We have money” is no longer as impressive as it once was. If a PEG comes calling, sellers (and their advisors) should carefully research their track record. If they lead with a guy “just like you” who owned a previous acquisition, be cautious. In most cases, he or she is compensated for adding to their portfolio.

Instead, talk to other owners who were acquired previously and are no longer active in the business. Look carefully into the acquirer’s experience in your industry. Unfortunately, “We have money” sometimes dazzles the PEG too. They begin to think financial manipulation is the only thing needed to make any business more successful.

Private Equity reputation is important. It will help you decide whether you should be discussing “show me the money” or “show me the future.”