management Archives - Page 6 of 13

Internal Transfers: Legacy vs. Lucre

June 11, 2020September 13, 2017 by John F. Dini

Lifestyle vs. Legacy

Why would I refer to the results of an internal transfer as “lifestyle vs. lucre?” Lucre is a pejorative term. While it is technically just a synonym for money, most dictionaries draw the parallel to its use in “filthy lucre;” money that is ill-gotten or otherwise dishonorably obtained.

I was honored to present at the Exit Planning Summit this past weekend. One of the things I discussed was the need to help business owners determine whether their personal vision for their company’s future was based on lifestyle or legacy. That’s how I normally term it, and there is no negative connotation attached to either term.

That “lifestyle vs. legacy” decision, however, usually designates the difference between selling to a third party for full market value (lifestyle) and selling to employees in order to preserve the culture and quality of the organization (legacy.)

Legacy vs. Lucre

“Legacy vs. lucre” is my term for the differing motivations in an internal transfer, and it is fully intended to be pejorative.

For a business owner, the greatest appeal of an internal transfer is control. He or she gets to pick the new owners, their timeframe for taking over the company, and how much they will have to pay.

Sometimes, that avenue to exit is chosen because the owner knows he or she can’t get a satisfactory price in the open market. The company just isn’t worth what he wants for it.

So selling to employees becomes a vehicle to get more than fair market value. Of course, no third-party lender will touch a deal for more than the business is worth, so almost by definition such transactions have to be seller-financed.

That is one of the reasons we hear horror stories about selling a business to employees for a note, and having to take it back when they default. Their failure may have been due to a lack of training to run the business, or an unsupportable price. Either way, they were set up for failure by an owner who was more interested in getting a check than in what happened down the road.

Legacy Requires Win-Win

Selling to a third party is an arms-length transaction. Both parties have their own agenda and advisor team. The buyer is perfectly cognizant of Caveat Emptor. The seller wishes to maximize the proceeds, the buyer to minimize his cost. The result is usually something in between.

When selling to employees, the playing field isn’t even. The employees have followed the seller’s direction for a long time. They are accustomed to doing what he says. It’s when the owner takes unfair advantage of his status that legacy turns into lucre.

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Now, we have a really cool 12 minute animated video from our friends at readitfor.me that summarizes the book, and helps you understand why it is so different from “how to” exit planning tomes. Take some time to check it out here. Thanks!

The Right Price for Your Business

June 11, 2020August 20, 2017 by John F. Dini

“If someone offered me the right price, I’d sell in a minute!” Exit planners and business brokers hear it all the time. “Anything is for sale if the price is right!”

What is the “right” price? Of course, you can fantasize about a windfall from a buyer who has far more money than brains. Some of the fast-talking “business brokers” (the ones who get more revenue from preparing offering books than actually selling companies), will pitch their secret list of buyers in Europe and Asia who routinely overpay for businesses.

In case you didn’t know, the largest advisory firms in Europe and Asia are the same ones we have here. The same accountants, the same attorneys, the same investment bankers and the same consultants. It’s unlikely that they give their wealthy overseas clients lesser quality advice than the ones in North America.

Barring purchase by a lunatic, your business is likely to be priced around Fair Market Value; the arms-length amount that an independent buyer will pay an independent seller.

Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder

You are the seller, and your company is what it is. Buyers, however, come in a variety of sizes and flavors. Understanding why companies have different values to differing buyers is critical if you plan to maximize your proceeds.

Here is a 2 1/2 -minute video on valuation from our website of free tools for business owners at www.YourExitMap.com.

These are the typical ranges for “fair market value.”

If you are earning less than $500,000 in total salary, profits and benefits from the business, your likely price is between 2.5 and 3.5 times the SDE (Seller’s Discretionary Earnings.) These are “Main Street” businesses; typically sold to individuals.

Once you exceed $1,000,000 in Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization, or EBITDA (but not counting your personal salary and benefits) you are a target for professional investors. These include private equity groups and family offices. In this market, valuations between 4 and 6 times earnings are common. If your EBITDA is over $2,000,000 it could be substantially higher.

Strategic and industry buyers (who may be the same) could pay more, but those transactions are very specific to the situation. In simple terms, the right price is whatever you can get. If the acquirer has a plan to plug your business into an existing customer base and grow it substantially, earnings often become a secondary issue.

The Neutral Zone

The “neutral zone” contains those companies who earn more than $500,000 (SDE) but generate less than $1,000,000 EBITDA. This is a fairly broad range.

Let’s use an illustration. An owner takes a $400,000 salary along with another $250,000 in benefits, and shows a pre-tax profit of $700,000. Clearly that is a healthy small business. In the “Main Street” market the company could value at between $4 and $5 million.

An individual buyer would need at least 25% down ($1,000,000 cash) plus working capital, and be able to guarantee loan payments of about $500,000 a year. That’s well beyond the range of most individuals.

Yet unless this business has a unique product or intellectual property, it is likely of no interest to professional, industry or strategic buyers.

Many of these companies are choosing a staged sale to their management teams. Others choose to kick growth into a higher gear in order to reach the next stratum of buyers and valuation. Either approach will usually take at least five years.

Controlling the Right Price

Some owners are choosing both approaches. They use ownership as a management incentive to achieve growth targets. If the company makes the leap into a buyer market with higher valuations, both the owner and the management team win.

If the company doesn’t attract the target buyers, the owner still has a solid exit strategy from a more valuable company. Getting the right price requires the right plan.

“Read” my new book in 12 minutes!

Why GenXers Won’t Buy Your Business

June 11, 2020July 30, 2017 by John F. Dini

There are six reasons why GenXers won’t buy your business.

Last week I presented a webinar for the Exit Planning Institute entitled “The Perfect Storm.” It looks at six factors impacting the desire and the ability of Generation X buyers to acquire a Baby Boomer business.

The first three, demographic, psychographic and sociographic, are macro trends that make Xer’s unlikely to buy any business that requires capital or more than full-time commitment. .

The last three factors, Regulation, Disintermediation and Entitlements, describe why all businesses are harder to sell today than they were even ten years ago.

The presentation is a bit long (38 minutes), and the quality isn’t perfect.(My apologies for the “dings” when viewers check in. That wasn’t controllable on my end.) None the less, if you are an advisor to owners, or an owner who is planning to sell, you might want to watch this data-based approach to the market forces you’ll deal with.

“Read” my new book in 12 minutes!

The Nimble Small Business

June 11, 2020July 23, 2017 by John F. Dini

Almost since time began, the nimble small business has been axiomatic. Large corporations are like big ships, the common knowledge goes. They take a long time to change direction.

That is a comforting thought to business owners who choose to see their one-person strategic planning team as a competitive advantage. Like the small furry mammals that survived as the dinosaurs died out, they are adaptable. The nimble small business can react to changes in the market faster, with less bureaucracy, and with greater attention to the customer’s needs.

There is one problem. That “common knowledge” is no longer true. In fact, a new definition of nimble is rapidly becoming the proprietary playing field of giant corporations. Privately held companies, already under increasing competitive pressure, are being squeezed out of their traditional role as innovators.

The Competition for Data

The new player in the big/small competition is data. Companies are in an arms race to understand the buying habits of their customers. It is a race that, by nature, goes to the player who has the most customer contact.

Amazon is the most obvious example. Their prices on any item change on a minute to minute basis. They are adjusted depending on the individual customer’s buying history, time of day, and current sales volume of the product.

I’m guessing that they might also be impacted by geographic area of the buyer, weather in that area, and purchases by family members. If that isn’t the case now, it soon will be.

A friend bought a couple of gas cans for his ranch. The next time he went on the web, he was fed an ad for a gas can holder made specifically to hold those two cans. He bought it, although as he said “It ticks me off to have them know that I want a product before I do.”

That is one less visit to his local farm and ranch store. They’ve been good vendors for years. They let his contractors pick up supplies for the ranch and he pays the next time he comes in. He likes them, but they don’t know what he wants before he does.

Not Just Internet

This capability isn’t limited to Amazon and Facebook. In 2016 General Motors invested $500 million in Lyft. In a recent article, GM’s CEO said that they were preparing for the day when ride sharing reduced new vehicle volume.

They hope to make up at least some of the missing revenue with data sales. If they know where people are going and when, they have a valuable commodity to sell.

Grocery stores are climbing on the data bandwagon. Who knows better what you like or avoid? They can tell suppliers (those who can afford to buy the data) where to direct advertising dollars for the greatest impact.

Netflix now has over 50,000,000 active subscribers. A fortune awaits anyone who can correlate viewing habits with buying patterns. If they don’t have the capability already, I’m sure someone is working on it.

Nimble Small Business

What does this have to do with exiting your business? A lot. Whether you are planning to sell to employees, family or a third party, the buyers are almost by definition younger than you. They understand the value of data.

When they ask how well you know your customers, what will your response be? If you have their names, addresses and emails, that’s a start. If you regularly reach out to them with content that is opened and read, that’s another level up. If you can target them by past purchases, age, location or income, that’s beginning to be nimble.

If you think that greeting them by their first name when they walk in is enough, you are nearing the end of the Cretaceous Period. You want to be with the mammals, not the dinosaurs.

“Read” my new book in 12 minutes!

Your Exit Map, Navigating the Boomer Bust is now available on Amazon, Barnes & Noble and wherever books are sold. It is ranked the #1 new release in its category on Amazon, and is supplemented by free tools and educational materials at www.YourExitMap.com.

Quality of Earnings Part 3: Cash Flow

June 11, 2020June 25, 2017 by John F. Dini

In the past few weeks we’ve discussed how quality of earnings audits look at your income and expenses, and their impact on company value. Since Revenue less Expenses equals Profit (P=R-E), you could be forgiven for thinking that we have picked apart your earnings as much as possible.

Unfortunately, that’s not the case. Merely dissecting your customers, lines of business, contracts, one-time expenses and unrecognized liabilities isn’t enough. Quality of earnings also examines how your cash flows.

Accounts Receivable

Just selling at a decent margin isn’t enough. That margin suffers from invisible erosion if your customers don’t pay on time. I’ve heard plenty of owners say ” They are our biggest customer, even if they don’t pay for 90 days.”

Buyers may look at that as “financing” the customers average balance. Even if you aren’t borrowing for working capital, that is money that might be more efficiently used elsewhere.

The math of earnings quality assigns an interest rate to those funds. If the customer takes three months to pay, and maintains an average over-30 balance of $500,000, a 6% cost-of-funds calculation could lop $30,000 from your earnings. If the offered multiple is 5x, that’s $150,000 deducted from your sale price.

Working Capital Needs

Another oft-heard claim by sellers is “This company could grow a lot, if only we had the capital.” Don’t be surprised if an experienced buyer tries to use that to lower their price.

I don’t think this one is necessarily fair. If your valuation is based on past performance, then what the buyer plans for the future is his problem. It has little to do with the numbers underlying your value. None the less, some buyers will put it on the table as a negotiating tactic.

On the other hand, if your selling price includes projections of future performance, or there are obvious issues of deferred maintenance (all your computers still run on Windows 7 for example), then expect an attempt to deduct the additional cash needed right after closing from the purchase price.

Run Rates

Most of us anticipate that a fast growing company will demand a higher multiple than a slow-growing or flat business. That doesn’t mean a buyer won’t try to “double dip” by offering a lower multiple and discounting for performance in the post-LOI due diligence period. Angry sellers will exclaim “But you knew my numbers before you made the offer!” True, but if an outside auditor emphasizes a lack of revenue or profit growth in his report, expect it to be on the table again.

It will absolutely be an issue if your growth rate falters during due diligence. It’s hard to go through the machinations of a transaction and pay attention to driving the company at the same time. Just be aware that taking your foot off the gas will be noticed, and accounted for.

The bigger issue is when growth on your top line isn’t equaled or exceeded on your bottom line. It may indicate that you are “buying business” with discounting. Failure to increase margins with additional volume may point to a lack of scalability. Either will become a part of the discussion on final price.

Quality of Earnings

In my three columns in this topic, we’ve examined eight major areas where a buyer can claim your earnings are worth less than they seem to be. I’m not an auditor. I’m pretty sure they could point to a few more.

The biggest single point I’d like to drive home is this. Most business owners consider the Letter of Intent to be the end of a negotiating road. When it comes to savvy buyers, it may just be the beginning.